Behavioral Aspects of Pricing

Buyers sometimes exhibit seemingly “irrational” behavior with respect to prices and use socially embedded heuristics to simplify their purchase decisions. In some cases small changes in prices can lead to much larger than anticipated changes in sales and profitability. Sellers need to understand the heuristics consumers use, the situations in which they emerge, and recognize how they can respond in markets where information and knowledge of product attributes and competitive prices is increasingly available via the Internet. This chapter explores consumers’ behavioral reactions to price through a review of contemporary literature in the field of pricing. The chapter delineates the nature and scope of these effects based upon a critical review of the most up-to-date empirical research in the field, and concludes by providing implications for innovation in pricing, and guidance for managers to reduce the disconnect between themselves and consumers

Measuring radiation in the environment following the Fukushima nuclear disaster, Japan

A group of scientists and technical staff from Toshiba Company, including Dr Hirokazu Kanai, undertook field trials at the station using a newly-developed, portable, two-dimensional gamma-ray visualization system known as a “Gamma Camera”

Connecting and dating with tephras: principles, functioning, and application of tephrochronology in Quaternary research

Tephrochronology, the characterisation and use of volcanic-ash layers as a unique chronostratigraphic linking, synchronizing, and dating tool, has become a globally-practised discipline of immense practical value in a wide range of subjects including Quaternary stratigraphy, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology, palaeolimnology, physical geography, geomorphology, volcanology, geochronology, archaeology, human evolution, anthropology, and human disease and medicine. The advent of systematic studies of cryptotephras – the identification, correlation, and dating of sparse, fine-grained glass-shard concentrations ‘hidden’ within sediments or soils – over the past ~20 years has been revolutionary. New cryptotephra techniques developed in northwestern Europe and Scandinavia in particular and in North America most recently adapted or improved to help solve problems as they arose, have now been applied to sedimentary sequences (including ice) on all the continents. The result has been the extension of tephra isochrons over wide areas hundreds to several thousands of kilometres from source volcanoes. Taphonomic and other issues, such as quantifying uncertainties in correlation, provide scope for future work. Developments in dating and analytical methods have led to important advances in the application of tephrochronology in recent times. In particular: (i) the ITPFT (glass fission-track) method has enabled landscapes and sequences to be dated where previously no dates were obtainable or where dating was problematic; (ii) new EMPA protocols enabling narrow-beam analyses (<5 um) of glass shards, or small melt inclusions, have been developed, meaning that small (typically distal) glass shards or melt inclusions <~10 um in diameter can now be analysed more efficaciously than previously (and with reduced risk of accidentally including microlites in the analysis as could occur with wide-beam analyses); (iii) LA-ICPMS method for trace element analysis of individual shards <~10 um in diameter is generating more detailed ‘fingerprints’ for enhancing tephra-correlation efficacy (Pearce et al., 2011, 2014; Pearce, 2014); and (iv) the revolutionary rise of Bayesian probability age modelling has helped to improve age frameworks for tephras of the late-glacial to Holocene period especially

Stratigraphy, age, composition, and correlation of late Quaternary tephras interbedded with organic sediments in Waikato lakes, North Island, New Zealand

Cores from 14 peaty lakes in the central Waikato region, northern North Island, contain a sequence of 41 well-preserved, mainly macroscopic, occasionally bedded, ash and lapilli layers ranging in thickness from c. 2 to 110 mm and interbedded with fine-grained organic lake sediment. The layers, whose field and compositional properties are described in detail, are distal airfall tephras that were erupted between c. 17000 and c. 1800 ¹⁴C years ago from six rhyolitic and andesitic volcanic centres located c. 70-200 km from the Waikato sites: Taupo (5 tephras), Okataina (7), Maroa (1) (rhyolitic); Mayor Island (2) (peralkaline); Tongariro (11), and Egmont (15) (andesitic)

Quaternary volcanism, tephras, and tephra-derived soils in New Zealand: an introductory review

This two-part article comprises brief introductions to (1) volcanism and its products in general and to the broad pattern of Quaternary volcanism and tephrostratigraphy in North Island, and (2) the ensuing tephra-derived soils of North Island. Part 1 derives mainly from Smith et al. (2006), Leonard et al. (2007), and Lowe (2008a). Other useful reviews include those of Neall (2001), Graham (2008: Chapter 7), Wilson et al. (2009), and Cole et al. (2010). Recent reviews on tephras include Shane (2000), Alloway et al. (2007), Lowe (2008b, 2011), and Lowe et al. (2008a, 2008b). A history of tephra studies in New Zealand was reported by Lowe (1990). Part 2 describes the distribution and character of the main tephra-derived soils, these being Entisols and Andisols (mostly Vitrands and Udands) and Ultisols (Lowe and Palmer, 2005). Books on these and other soils in New Zealand include NZ Soil Bureau (1968), Gibbs (1980), McLaren and Cameron (1996), Cornforth (1998), and Molloy and Christie (1998). An excellent overview is the web-based article by Hewitt (2008), and encyclopaedic reviews by Neall (2006) and McDaniel et al. (2011) include New Zealand examples. Tonkin (2007a, 2007b, 2007c) provided a history of soil survey and soil conservation activities in New Zealand. A quantitatively-based classification of New Zealand‟s terrestrial environments was published by Leathwick et al. (2003)

Mellin transforming the minimal model CFTs: AdS/CFT at strong curvature

Mack has conjectured that all conformal field theories are equivalent to string theories. We explore the example of the two-dimensional minimal model CFTs and confirm that the Mellin transformed amplitudes have the desired properties of string theory in three-dimensional anti-de Sitter spacetime.Comment: 7 page

Pukekohe silt loam, Pukekohe Hill

Pukekohe Hill is an excellent starting point for the tour in various ways: it provides a commanding view of important market gardens developed within Ultisols, and associated landuse issues, and the Massey Memorial on the hilltop commemorates Irish-born, South Auckland identity William (‘Big Bill’) Fergusson Massey (1865-1925), Prime Minister of New Zealand 1912-1925, after whom Massey University is named. Pukekohe town has a population of about 23,000

INTREPID Tephra-II: - 1307F

The INTREPID Tephra project, “Enhancing tephrochronology as a global research tool through improved fingerprinting and correlation techniques and uncertainty modelling”, was an overarching project of the international community of tephrochronologists of the International Focus Group on Tephrochronology and Volcanism (INTAV), which in turn lies under the auspices of INQUA’s Stratigraphy and Chronology Commission (SACCOM). INTREPID’s main aim has been to advance our understanding and efficacy in fingerprinting, correlating, and dating techniques, and to evaluate and quantify uncertainty in tephrochronology, and thus enhance our ability to provide the best possible linking, dating and synchronising tool for a wide range of Quaternary research projects around the world. A second aim has been to re-build the global capability of tephrochronology for future research endeavours through mentoring and encouragement of emerging researchers in the discipline

Revision of the age and stratigraphic relationships of Hinemaiaia Tephra and Whakatane Ash, North Island, New Zealand, using distal occurrences in organic deposits

The stratigraphic and chronologic relationships of Hinemaiaia Tephra and Whakatane Ash are examined using distal tephras preserved in organic-rich deposits at five sites in eastern and northern North Island, New Zealand. A c. 10mm thick, unnamed white rhyolitic ash layer described at two of the sites (Tiniroto and Poukawa), and previously of disputed stratigraphic signillcance, also occurs at the other three sites (Kaipo, Rotomanuka, and Okoroire) as a primary airfall tephra. The tephra is derived from the Taupo Volcanic Centre and is correlated with Hinemaiaia Tephra (definition of Froggatt) using similarity of stratigraphic position, composition (ferromagnesian mineralogy and glass chemistry), and radiocarbon age. It stratigraphically overlies Whakatane Ash. The tephra underlying Whakatane Ash, and previously identified as Hinemaiaia Ash (definition of Vucetich & Pullar), is probably Motutere Tephra. Hinemaiaia Tephra has a mean age of old (T½) c. 4500 years, Whakatane Ash c. 4800 years. New ¹⁴C dates, obtained on peat or gyttja adjacent to these tephras, are (old T1/2, years B.P.): 4220 ± 60 (NZ316OA), 4490 ± 70 (Wk541)( above Hinemaiaia Tephra); 4470 ± 70 (Wk542) (below Hinemaiaia Tephra); 4800 ± 50 (NZ3161A), 4490 ±60 (Wk496), 4530 ± 60 (Wk497), 4260 ± 140 (Wk662) (below Hinemaiaia Tephra and above Whakatane Ash); 5210 ± 80 (NZ3162A), 4860 ±70 (Wk501), 4850 ± 80 (Wk660) (below Whakatane Ash). Based on the distal occurrences described here, the Hinemaiaia Tephra has a much more wide spread distribution than previously demonstrated, and may have been emplaced by a very powerful "above average" plinian eruption

Connecting with tephras: principles, functioning, and applications of tephrochronology in Quaternary science

Tephrochronology is a unique method for linking and dating geological, palaeoecological, palaeoclimatic, or archaeological sequences or events. The method relies firstly on stratigraphy and the law of superposition, which apply in any study that connects or correlates deposits from one place to another. Secondly, it relies on characterising and hence identifying or ‘fingerprinting’ tephra layers using either physical properties evident in the field or those obtained from laboratory analysis, including mineralogical examination by optical microscopy or geochemical analysis of glass shards or crystals (e.g., Fe-Ti oxides, ferromagnesian minerals) using the electron microprobe and other tools. Thirdly, the method is enhanced when a numerical age is obtained for a tephra layer by (1) radiometric methods such as radiocarbon, fission-track, U-series, or Ar/Ar dating, (2) incremental dating methods including dendrochronology or varved sediments or layering in ice cores, or (3) age-equivalent methods such as palaeomagnetism or correlation with marine oxygen isotope stages or palynostratigraphy. Once known, that age can be transferred from one site to the next using stratigraphic methods and by matching compositional characteristics, i.e., comparing ‘fingerprints’ from each layer. Used this way, tephrochronology is an age-equivalent dating method